Sleep And It s Effects On The Brain - 1409 Words

Sleep and It s Effects on the Brain Sleep is an essential aspect of life, and though most people tend to enjoy it quite a bit, it is often pushed aside and replaced with wasteful activities. In the past, people used to believe that the soul left the body during sleep. However, today, scientists have discovered that sleep is, in fact, necessary to function normally. When the body s natural circadian (sleep/wake) cycle is interrupted, one may feel drowsy, moody, unfocused, and distant. On average, most adults require around 7-9 hours of sleep per night, and any less than that will result in very serious consequences (Hirshkowitz, Max. â€Å"How Much Sleep Do We Really Need?†). A lack of sleep can cause irritability, increased stress,†¦show more content†¦Hirshkowitz (â€Å"How Much Sleep Do We Really Need?†): Stage 1 Between being awake and falling asleep Light sleep Stage 2 Onset of sleep Becoming disengaged from surroundings Breathing and heart rate are regular Body temperature drops (so sleeping in a cool room is helpful) Stages 3 and 4 Deepest and most restorative sleep Blood pressure drops Breathing becomes slower Muscles are relaxed Blood supply to muscles increases Tissue growth and repair occurs Energy is restored Hormones are released, such as: Growth hormone, essential for growth and development, including muscle development These four stages are known as NREM, the deeper of the two main sleep stages, NREM and REM, which alternate through the night. During REM sleep, the brain is active, the eyes rapidly twitch under the eyelids, the muscles are inactive, and a person may have dreams. The alternation of NREM and REM sleep gives the mind time to store memories, prepare for the day ahead, release hormones, wash away toxins, and rejuvenate itself. Without proper NREM and REM sleep, some very harmful things can occur to both the body and mind. First, when the body is sleep deprived, many important functions are slowed or impeded. The metabolism slows down, and in some cases a lack of sleep can trigger overeating and even Type 2 Diabetes (Hirshkowitz, Max. â€Å"The Link Between a Lack of Sleep and Type 2 Diabetes.†). According to Lyuster, â€Å"Melatonin suppression due toShow MoreRelatedSleep Is The Body s Way Of Cleansing1556 Words   |  7 PagesSleep is essential; every living things needs sleep. Sleep is the body s way of cleansing itself; without it our bodies could not function. Sleep has multiple health benefits effecting every aspect of our lives; sleep is so essential for the body that humans spend 1/3 of their lives asleep. Humans have been fascinated with sleep throughout history; several early scientist like Aristotle in 350 CE who formed a hypothesis that sleep was a form of physical renewal (Borel, 2014). Humans know littleRead MoreSleep Is An Important Part Of Everyday Life Of A Human Being1704 Words   |  7 PagesSleep is an important part of the everyday life of a human being. There are multiple sleep cycles but in the process one of the most important stages is known as REM Sleep. REM also known as rapid eye movement is the very unique phase of sleep where the eyes begin to randomly move, and the extremities of the body become paralyzed while vivid dreaming begins to occur. This stage is the the most important for the consolidation of different memories and also in facial recognition and other mental processesRead MoreLack Of Sleep Causes Major Changes In Physiology And Brain1481 Words   |  6 PagesLack of sleep causes major changes in physiology and brain function, and can even change brain tissue (Luce 94). A man once went through multiple days of no sleep to figure out the exact effects. After 160 hours of no sleep, the man would forget what he did moments before. He would become distracted by small noises, and he could not perform simple tasks without a lot of struggling (Kastner 93). â€Å"At 220 hours, Michaels could barely talk and had to be held up when he walked.†...â€Å"After fourteen hoursRead MoreRunning Head How Does Sleep Or Rest Improve Memory?1711 Words   |  7 Pages Running head HOW DOES SLEEP OR REST IMPROVE MEMORY? 1 2 HOW DOES SLEEP OR REST IMPROVE MEMORY? How Does Sleep or Rest Improve Memory? Name: Instructor: Institution: Class: Date: Introduction The strategic adaptation of organisms involves essential phenomena such as the ability to form memories, which is critical to the dynamic environmental demands. Theories and research studies indicating that sleep is beneficial to memory have had a continuous and long history datingRead MoreWhat Is Sleep And Why Do You Need It? Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pages12-6-16 P2 What is sleep and why do you need it? People have many different theories of why we need it but if we don’t sleep how can it hurt us. Many people can be affected by different amounts of sleep. So how can you get better sleep or even just less without feeling the effects or tiredness. So how can sleep really affect your mood? Sleep has been linked to many different theories of why we sleep. One of the first ever Theron s the inactivity theory, this describes sleep as protection fromRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Children1182 Words   |  5 PagesFor those who work long shifts; For those who try to compensate for their lack of sleep during the weekends; For those who simply like to stay up all night: lack of sleep could cause irreparable brain damage. Deprivation of long-term sleep hours could weaken brain energy even after days of sleep recovery. And it could be a sign of permanent brain damage. The consequences of not sleeping or not sleeping enough are serious, not only for the person who is not resting enough, but also for the peopleRead MoreEssay about The Importance and Intricacies of Sleep990 Words   |  4 Pages Sleep Sleep is the time when people’s brain is very active. Sleep takes more effects to the brain in infancy through childhood. During these periods of the life span the brain develops a lot while sleeping, which is why they fall into deeper sleep. During infancy the first year is the most drastic change of the baby’s sleeping pattern. Infants do not sleep throughout the night since they have not yet developed a sleep cycle yet (Lampl). Infants sleep from 12-18 hours a day. In a study done toRead MoreEvidence Suggesting Three Plausible Functions Of Sleep1312 Words   |  6 PagesSuggesting Three Plausible Functions of Sleep† This essay focuses on evaluating three functions of sleep. These functions include mental health (Jackowska et al, 2011), cardiovascular disease (Kronholm et al, 2011) and memory (Hu et al, 2006). The key aspects are explained in detail with regards to studies. The findings from the studies will help justify the function and it’s involvement with sleep. Sleep is important for an individual’s well being, survival, brain development, emotional regulation,Read MoreThe Relationship Between Sleep Deprivation And The Human Body1237 Words   |  5 PagesJason Sohn WRS 102 Roger Graves October 9, 2015 Annotated Bibliography: The relationship between sleep deprivation and the human body The act of sleeping is well acknowledged as an essential and healthy part of every human being s life. Until the 1950s, sleep was widely believed to be a passive act that every human had to go through at night. Through extensive study and research, scientists have learned that sleeping affects our physical and emotional functioning during the day, including mentalRead MoreCause And Effect Of Sleep Deprivation984 Words   |  4 Pagesand Effect Lack of sleep has been known to make a person grumpy and foggy, but those are not the only things resulted for sleep deprivation. The effects of not getting more than seven or more hours of sleep can also impact a person s memory, sex life, looks, health, and even weight. Staying up all night may seem like a good idea, however, a person might want to realize the true consequences of staying up late and reconsider depriving themselves of their sleep. Accidents are a huge effect of lack

Essay on Frances Welfare System - 954 Words

The welfare system in France is founded on the principle of solidarity. Solidarity is sense of the responsibility of the individuals in the society to help each other out. This is all for the common good (Spicker). In order to promote solidarity, France has a welfare system that includes universal entitlements, social insurance, means-tested public assistance, and tax expenditures programs. One aspect of the French welfare system is universal entitlements. One universal entitlement under the French welfare system is health insurance. Every citizen in Frances is able to have healthcare insurance. For those citizens that are employed, the employer and employee both finance the insurance. However, the government pays for the health care of†¦show more content†¦However, this assistance ends once the child becomes three years old (Evans 1997). Means-test public assistance is one way the French promote the principle of solidarity. Social insurance is also a different facet of the welfare system in France. One example of social insurance is unemployment insurance. If one loses their job, the person receives 35% of the income that he or she received while employed. For those that are unable to work due to age or disabilities, the government has an assistance program in place. The French also have a pension system that is similar to Social Security in the United States. The system is a â€Å"pay as you go† one. Both the employer and employee give to this pension fund. Once the individual is old enough, he or she will receive this retirement money (Wingert). One more feature the French welfare state is tax expenditure programs. An example of a tax expenditure that is found in France is a tax benefit for married couples. There are many more established tax expenditures; one of which is for those with children. In fact, there are so many tax expenditures that France spends over 0.5% of its gross domestic product on tax breaks just towards the family. Tax expenditures programs are another part the France’s welfare system (Bentolila 2011). Like most wealthy countries, France was affected by the Great Recession; however, France was not â€Å"hit† as hard asShow MoreRelatedThe Economic Globalization Of The United States1102 Words   |  5 PagesWhile Gross domestic product (GDP) is the size of a states’ total annual economic activity. France’s GNP fluctuated in the early 20th century because of the events posed upon the country. In the table below we are able to get a sense of how the economy of France does in the 20ths century and it is clear that their post-World War II interval is the most successful. It is that specific time frame in which France’s economy starts to flourish. This could essentially be because after the world wars mostlyRead MoreIntegration Law Is Domestically Rooted927 Words   |  4 Pageswas due to France’s immigration policy shift to eliminate the process of automatic regularisation. One also has to prove that an immigrant has fully â€Å"integrated† into French society by adhering to the essential principles and values of the Republic. It is important to note that since the election of Francois Hollande into presidential office the focus of France’s immigration policy has dramatically changed. In 2014, Francois Hollande defended the idea of fr ee movement towards France’s immigrationRead MoreThe Influence Of Ideologies In The Formulation Of Social Policies1489 Words   |  6 Pages Firstly, we will look into the classical division of ideologies and the work Esping-Andersen has done. Secondly, we construct a case seeing how the dominant ideologies present in Sweden, France and UK have resulted in a specific higher education system. Ideologies A policy is devised by politicians who have certain belifs on how a society must be governed. Politicians with similar belifs come together to represent an ideology which then is presented for the constituents who decide which idealsRead MoreThe Articles Of The Draft Of Capitulation1687 Words   |  7 PagesThe Articles of Capitulation signed 1760 marked the concluding chapter of France’s hegemony in North America. By 1764 the French possession of Ile Royale and Ile St.Jean along with their prize colony of Quebec were handed over to Great Britain. Therefore, why are these articles important in contemporary society and does it indicate British hegemony in Canada? The Articles of Capitulation of Montreal in 1760 was a diplomatic tool used by the British military command to supplant the military forcesRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte And The French Revolution1133 Words   |  5 PagesNapoleon saw an opportunity coming and took it, he planned a coup detat against the directory and es tablished a consulate. Named as the first consul, Napoleon strives to improve France’s conditions. Napoleon Bonaparte not only endorsed the ideals of the French Revolution, but he also sustained them by improving France’s economy, promoting Meritocracy, and lastly renounced egalitarianism for everyone. Napoleon fulfilled the French Revolution’s idea of equality through the economy. With the supportRead MoreHealth Care Funding : France And The United States1167 Words   |  5 Pagesexample, tax deductions for private medical coverage are allowed by the U.S. Treasury. France’s health care system is a combination of public and private health care insurance. All NHI funds come from private organizations which are responsible for providing a public service. They are supervised by the government ministry that oversees French social security. NHI is an important part of France’s social security system of pensions, family allowances and health insurance/workplace accident coverage. PensionsRead MoreGovernment s Intervention On Healthcare System1031 Words   |  5 Pages Tsebelis (1995) offered veto player framework to understand why public policy changes in particular political system. This framework offers more detail explanation on the public policy changes than other institutional theory, because veto player framework focuses on the actor instead of the institutions. This paper reviews three articles on welfare state’s policy change. Using the veto player framework, the three articles give the similar conclusion that in orde r to change the public policy,Read MoreComparison Between Health Systems And The United States And France Essay1392 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of Health Systems: The United States and France Introduction In this paper, the health care systems of the United States and France will be compared. The topics that will be discussed are health statistics and costs, health care and financing, health care administration, and human resources. Data will be provided to each pertaining country, and both countries will be compared. The reason France was chosen to be compared to the United States is that the World Health Organization (WHO)Read More Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pagesshould be free to make bargains with each other and that the law should enforce such contracts if necessary. This became legalized in the year 1871 and by the year 1875 picketing also became legal. By the year 1884 these unions became legalized by France’s Third Republic and also in Germany in 1890. These unions became corporations able to own property and to sue and be sued. This enabled these unions to protect their funds from defaulting officials. By mid way throug h the century the main focus ofRead MoreHealthcare in the United States998 Words   |  4 Pagespurpose of the U.S. Constitution is stated in the Preamble: to promote the general welfare of the people†¦ People without healthcare may suffer from stress, anxiety, and sickness and these problems costs society billions in medical costs and creates bankruptcies Giving access to all citizens can be done by following Germany and Frances policies TWO: Should government be more aggressive in reshaping the healthcare system or let it go on the way it is? This question has already been answered; the Obama

The Views On Womens Roles History Essay Free Essays

string(135) " Receiving them into the castle, she founded a glorious chapel for the sanctum Protomartr, and in it she deposited the sanctum relics\." An mean adult female in the fifth and 6th centuries of the Byzantine Empire did non hold a large function in public society.[ 1 ]In fact, it was common for her to non be seen in public at all. It was standard for Byzantine adult females to acquire married around 12 to thirteen old ages old due to an ordered matrimony chosen by her parents. We will write a custom essay sample on The Views On Womens Roles History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Once married she spent most of her clip at place. Occasionally a adult female was allowed to go forth her place to go to to church, festivals, matrimonies, births, visit dealingss, or travel to public baths. These were the lone activities in society acceptable where a adult female could to go forth her house.[ 2 ]However, if a adult female must venture outside, she must hold her face covered by a head covering at all times and be accompanied by a adult male. Though head coverings were seldom shown in Byzantine graphics, this was a societal criterion for adult females. The erosion of head coverings frequently represented the difference between an honorable adult females and a cocotte.[ 3 ] Even in her ain place, a Byzantine adult female had to digest gender inequalities. During repasts she was non allowed to dine with work forces foreign of her dealingss. More frequently than non, she would be eating entirely separate from work forces.[ 4 ]For her instruction, she was taught accomplishments merely utile for a house married woman. If a adult female was in in-between to upper category, she was normally taught to read, compose, and sing.[ 5 ]Womans of royalty nevertheless, were given the chance to analyze medical specialty and natural scientific disciplines with bookmans in their tribunals.[ 6 ]However instruction was normally 2nd quality compared to the instruction given to work forces. Womans could easy be described as â€Å" cloistered as captives, † though her prison walls were merely the unseeable judgements and regulations cast by society.[ 7 ] Most adult females could non take part in political relations. A adult female could non even attest in tribunal for fright that her testimony would be easy influenced by her hubby or brother. It is merely in rare instances where a adult male was non involved that a adult female could attest.[ 8 ]Despite what small influence and regard adult females had in public society, through place life a adult female could still easy act upon her ain hubby, boies, brothers, and other male dealingss in her place life.[ 9 ]This influence could be subtle in a little Byzantine household or highly considerable if she was the married woman of the emperor. Unlike work forces who could lift up to a political place through military, or the church, for a adult females to derive political power she had either be born or marry into nobility. Born in 399 A.D, Empress Pulcheria was the eldest girl of Emperor Arcadius.[ 10 ]She was a devoted Christian that paved her manner into power through her influence over her younger brother Theodosios II. She finally received the rubric of Augusta ( Empress ) which was the highest place a adult female of relation to the Emperor could draw a bead on to.[ 11 ]Pulcheria was merely two old ages older than Theodosios II but had a great influence over him all his life. Though Pulcheria was the eldest Born into royalty, she did non hold much power as she would if she had been born male. Even with this gender disadvantage, she was highly intelligent. At the age of 16, she swore a vow of celibacy and besides influenced her younger sisters to make the same.[ 12 ]This was a manner to prolong power that would be lost if she was forced into matrimony every bit good as halt the competition to her brother ‘s throne.[ 13 ]The concluding she gave for her actions was due to her Christian destiny, comparing the Virgin Mary as her celestial opposite number.[ 14 ]Figure 1 depicts an ivory alleviation known as The Translation of Relics Ivory dating around the twelvemonth 420 A.D.[ 15 ]and was acquired by the Trier Cathedral in 1844.[ 16 ]The carving step 13.1 ten 26.1 ten 2.3 centimeter and has been cut to a deepness of 2 centimeter[ 17 ]. The Byzantines loved tusk and normally imported it from India and Africa. The tusk of this specific piece has been speculated to hold been imported from Africa do to its larger size.[ 18 ]The Translation of Relics Ivory depicts a emanation of people in the streets followed by two priests siting a chariot pulled by mules. Leading this emanation is an Emperor keeping a taper and ready to have the relics is an Empress keeping a cross in forepart of church doors. In the background are looker-ons heartening beckoning incense and a church which is still under building, still being complete for the relics to be topographic point into. For many old a ges, the supporters in this alleviation have been unidentifiable. Historians have compared the lives of Justin II, Maurice, and Phocas and their married womans but found no historical grounds which relates them to this scene.[ 19 ]In the late seventies, The Translation of Relics Ivory has been identified by historiographers, Kenneth G. Holum and Gary Vikan that the characters in this alleviation are likely Empress Pulcheria, her brother Emperor Theodosios II and the relics given are the castanetss of Saint Stephen. The historiographers deducted this from written grounds of a chronicler of the 9th century named Theophanes Confessor. In his narration he wrote: Under the influence of the blest Pulcheria, the pious Theodosius sent a rich contribution to the archbishop of Jerusalem for distribution to the needy, and besides a aureate cross studded with cherished rocks to be erected on Golgotha. In exchange for these gifts, the archbishop dispatched relics of the right arm of Stephen Protomaryr, in the attention of St. Passarion†¦ [ Pulcheria ] arose taking her brother with her and went to recognize the sanctum relics. Receiving them into the castle, she founded a glorious chapel for the sanctum Protomartr, and in it she deposited the sanctum relics. You read "The Views On Womens Roles History Essay" in category "Essay examples"[ 20 ] The narrative matched absolutely with the description of The Translation of Relics Ivory every bit good as another found narration which proved that the castanetss of Saint Stephen had in fact appeared outside Jerusalem that clip in December 416 and subsequently went under control of the bishop.[ 21 ]The church under building is believed to be a church of St. Stephen.[ 22 ]An interesting item to The Translation of Relics Ivory is the composing of the piece. The full focal point of the image is on Pulcheria instead than the Emperor Theodosios II, her brother. Even Theodosios ‘ alleviation is still a spot further back than hers, as he is standing right following to her. This is a immense representation of Pulcheria ‘s power as she is the centre of attending opposed to the Emperor himself. In her life-time, Pulcheria had commissioned several new churches, most dedicated to her frequenter saint the Virgin Mary. It was good known that Virgin Mary profoundly impacted her life to remaining openly celibate for God. However during the 5th century the Virgin Mary was non a major figure in Constantinople.[ 23 ]Her pick for the Virgin Mary as her frequenter was non to progress adult females but merely acquire rid of the stigma that adult females were the â€Å" expletive of Eve † , a expletive which claimed that adult females where responsible for original wickedness.[ 24 ]It was besides due to Pulcheria ‘s influence that the Virgin Mary would be once more be known non merely as the â€Å" Mother of Christ † ( christotokos ) but the â€Å" Mother of God † ( theotokos ) when the statement was overturned.[ 25 ]Pulcheria ‘s most well-know church to the Virgin Mary is the Church of Saint Mary of Blacherne, which has besides been depicted in literatu re with names such as the Panagia of Blachernae and the Blachernae Monastery. The church started building in 450 A.D. and was finished by her hubby Marcian after Pulcheria ‘s decease in 453 A.D.[ 26 ]The church was built around a preexistent sacred spring called the Ayazma of Blacherne.[ 27 ]It is besides said that Christians of Jerusalem had contributed a robe that belonged to the Virgin Mary as a relic for the church,[ 28 ]though other beginnings province that the robe was stolen.[ 29 ]Figure 2 shows the church before its 2nd fire, and Figure 3 shows the current modern church after being rebuilt. The church focused around images of the Virgin Mary, which led to much devastation of its icons during the reign of Constantine V.[ 30 ]The church foremost burnt down in 1070 from a fire but was rebuilt once more utilizing its old floor programs.[ 31 ]The church was wholly burned down yet once more in 1434, this clip from a careless fire caused by kids trailing pigeons on its roofs. [ 32 ]By the clip Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae no longer existed and the people of Constantinople had to turn to different mediums for the protection Virgin Mary ‘s icons.[ 33 ] Figure 3 shows Icon of the Virgin Blachernitissa. In 626 A.D. , the Blachernitissa was credited for the protecting the metropolis from an Avar onslaught every bit good as an Arab besieging in 717. Thus this relic ‘s repute grew to be known as a powerful Byzantine amulet of protection and was kept in the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae.[ 34 ]Though the figure caput of this icon was a adult female, it had immense fear. The term Blachernitissa was a type of representation of the Virgin Mary named after the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae.[ 35 ]The icon shows Mary within it and was held in the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae. The piece was besides within the church during its 1434 fire and was thought to be destroyed. It was a amulet that represented the protection of the metropolis ‘s walls.[ 36 ]Its absence was believed to be the ground why the Ottoman Turks succeeded their invasion merely 19 old ages subsequently. The twelvemonth 730 was the start of the first iconoclastic period lasing until 787.[ 37 ]It started with Emperor Leo III, who reigned from 717-740. The Iconoclasts believed that icons where immorality and led to the misunderstanding of the Catholic faith. As the Iconoclasts resorted back into symbols and Bible, they tore down icons, believing them as unorthodoxy to their faith. When Leo III died in 740, his boy Constantine V continued the prohibition of during his reign in 741-775.[ 38 ]It was during Constantine V ‘s reign, that the Church of St. Mary of Blachernae was attacked by image breakers. Constantine V ordered the devastation of the interior mosaics that represented a New Testament rhythm and replaced them with vegetational decorations and images of birds.[ 39 ]It was fortunate nevertheless that the Icon of the Virgin Blachernitissa was hidden from devastation at this clip. This first Iconoclastic period was stopped by Empress Irene. Irene acted in the name of her boy Constatine VI, who was excessively immature to govern at the clip. She created and ordered the Second Council of Nicea, which supported Iconophiles.[ 40 ]As Iconophiles, they believed that images were besides stand foring their faith and they were non incorrect in utilizing them. The Council condemned the resistance to icons as unorthodoxy. It is through Irene ‘s actions of the resurgence of icons that she earned the rubric of Saint in the Grecian Orthodox Church. The 2nd iconoclastic period lasted 814-842. This clip it was Emperor Leo V ( reigning from 813-820 ) who instated this new moving ridge of iconoclasm. It was speculated that it was to bring around the recent military failure. Emperors Michael II and Theophilus who succeeded him were besides image breakers. However after Theophilus died, he was succeeded by his boy Michael III. Michael at the clip was excessively immature to reign so his female parent Theodora acted as a trustee for him. Similar to Irene, Theodora was an iconodule and was able to proclaim the Restoration of icons. Now of all time since the resurgence of icons, the first Sunday of Lent is celebrated as the â€Å" Triumph of Orthodoxy. † Figure 4 shows the Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy, a picture that was painted on a wooden panel covered with gesso and linen. Its medium was egg poster paint and gold foliage.[ 41 ]The centre of the picture is a portrayal of the Virgin Mary, said to be painted by St. Luke. Empr ess Theodora and her boy, Emperor Michael III, appear on the left of the portrayal. On the right are three monastics with the Patriarch Methodios. This picture was painted more than 500 old ages after the terminal of iconoclasm during the clip when the Byzantine Empire was under menace of invasion by the Ottoman Turks.[ 42 ]Again as it is non normally common for a adult female to be in the picture, Empress Theodora is shown following to her boy in royal robes. Though she is non following to them, Theodora is shown at the same degree as the bishops. In the centre of the picture is the Blachernitissa, the Virgin Mary and kid. The Virgin Mary was a famed icon of her adult female position. It is non surprising that Irene and Theodora were iconophiles. Since the mean Byzantine adult female was housebound for the bulk of their lives, most had a particular dedication to spiritual patterns affecting icons.[ 43 ]It might be due to their life manner that adult females where the most affected when their cherished icons where taken off. The influence adult females had and their dealingss to art during the Byzantine Empire shown to be really of import. It is through the influence of the empresses Pulcheria, Irene and Theodora that impacted graphics despite a judgmental and men-driven environment that shadowed their lives. It is as intriguing and influential as the plant themselves that these adult females were able to act upon the Byzantine populace and the graphics. How to cite The Views On Womens Roles History Essay, Essay examples